Passage: Read the given passage carefully and answer the following questions. Artificial Intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals. In computer science, Al research is defined as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximise its chance of successfully achieving its goals. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving". The scope of Al is disputed: as machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered as requiring "intelligence" are often removed from the definition, a phenomenon known as the Al effect, leading to the quip, "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet". For instance, optical character recognition is frequently excluded from "artificial intelligence", having become a routine technology. Capabilities generally classified as Al as of 2017 include successfully understanding human speech, competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go), autonomous cars, intelligent routing in content delivery network, and military simulations. Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years since has experienced several waves of optimism, followed by disappointment and the loss of funding (known as an "Al winter"), followed by new approaches, success and renewed funding. Question: Select the most appropriate title for the passage.

1. Artificial Intelligence: General Introduction
2. Artificial Intelligence in Information Systems Research
3. Using Artificial Intelligence Academic Writing
4. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Human Society