Passage: Read the given passage and answer questions that follow. The Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897) was one of Korea’s longest and most influential dynasties, shaping the nation’s culture, traditions, and identity for over five centuries. Founded by Yi Seong- gye, who later became King Taejo, the dynasty established Confucianism to guide government and daily life. This shift emphasised respect for elders, loyalty, education, and moral values, leaving a legacy still visible in Korean society today. Joseon rulers introduced advancements in science, medicine, agriculture, and printing, while the creation of Hangul—the Korean alphabet—by King Sejong the Great in the 15th century remains one of the dynasty’s most enduring achievements. Art and literature flourished, with delicate celadon ceramics, detailed paintings, and classical poetry reflecting the dynasty’s refinement. Despite periods of prosperity, Joseon also faced challenges, including invasions by Japan and the Manchu, as well as internal power struggles among noble factions. Yet, through resilience, the dynasty endured, preserving Korea’s unique traditions. By the late 19th century, however, mounting foreign encroachments and the inexorable forces of modernisation eroded its sovereignty, precipitating its eventual dissolution in 1897. Nevertheless, the Joseon Dynasty’s profound cultural and intellectual legacy remains indelibly etched into the fabric of Korean identity, continuing to illuminate its history and heritage. Question: What does the endurance of the Joseon Dynasty, despite invasions and internal conflicts, suggest?

1. The dynasty was militarily superior to its neighbours.
2. The dynasty experienced only prosperity and stability.
3. The dynasty’s cultural strength and adaptability sustained it.
4. The dynasty was entirely free from foreign influence.