Passage: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Flash floods in arid mountainous catchments have long been regarded as one of the world's riskiest natural hazards. Arid zones, including the Middle East and parts of Western Asia, have been subject to several climatic studies to examine the impact of future changes per K global warming on precipitation under more than 20 global climate models. The studies indicated that the Middle East will witness an increase in aridity, where the arid zone will expand by a median of 10.26% in area compared to the reference period of 1971–2000, with some areas will witness an expansion of more than 40% in area. Similarly, the arid zones will witness an increase in the intensity of extreme precipitation events by a median of 5.45% with some areas the intensity can reach up to 15% per K global warming in 2070–2099. Consequently, the frequency of extended droughts and extreme floods will increase leading to severe impacts on societies, infrastructures and the hydrological systems. In the last few years, several flood and drought events have been reported in arid regions, which have led to both severe shortages in water resources as well as destructive floods.1611 Question: Select the correct short summary of the passage.

1. The frequency of flash floods in the Middle East is being managed well due to improved infrastructure and early warning systems.
2. The Middle East is particularly vulnerable to flash floods due to its mountainous terrain and arid climate.
3. Climate change is causing an increase in flash floods and droughts in arid regions of the Middle East.
4. Global warming is leading to an increase in aridity and severe impacts on coastal cities and ecosystems.